Following the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the rise of the Islamic State in the Middle East, concerns are growing about a rise in Islamic militant attacks in Central Asia this year. Leaders of Central Asian states such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have warned of the risk of various militant groups filling the security vacuum in Afghanistan and directly threatening the region. However, it is rising economic and political pressures in Central Asia that could precipitate an increase in indigenous militancy and pose the greatest threat to stability in the region in the coming years.
Central Asia is no stranger to Islamic militancy. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the region experienced significant political upheaval as five new countries emerged that had no previous history of independent statehood within their Soviet-made borders. The countries also experienced major economic dislocations and an explosion of nationalist and religious sentiment that had been suppressed during the Soviet era.